The Cosmopolitan Potential of Exclusive Associations: Criteria for Assessing the Advancement of Cosmopolitan Norms, by Bettina R. Scholz
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The Cosmopolitan Potential of Exclusive Associations: Criteria for Assessing the Advancement of Cosmopolitan Norms, by Bettina R. Scholz
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Contemporary cosmopolitan moral theorists argue that, in our increasingly interconnected world, all individuals need to recognize that moral duties span state borders, involving responsibilities such as respecting human rights. Such arguments usually focus on the duties of individuals or on reforms for international political and economic institutions. The Cosmopolitan Potential of Exclusive Associations draws attention to how non-state, not-for-profit transnational associations can advance respect for equality in a plurality of less obvious ways. By synthesizing moral theories of cosmopolitanism with international relations scholarship, it is possible to establish criteria for assessing whether and to what extent transnational associations like Médecins sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders) or the International Olympic Committee cultivate respect for fellow humans and build transnational communities. As these examples show, not all non-state associations have the mission of advocating for human rights. Membership is also not necessarily inclusive of all humanity. Membership criteria exclude based on criteria such as professional expertise, athletic prowess, or certain religious beliefs. As a result, assessing their impact requires looking for partial expressions of cosmopolitanism that arise piecemeal and without self-conscious intention. Rather than defending one version of cosmopolitan theory as more applicable to evaluating the impact of associations, adapting and combining four common approaches to cosmopolitanism—(1) institutional cosmopolitanism, (2) natural duties cosmopolitanism, (3) cultural cosmopolitanism, and (4) deliberative democratic cosmopolitanism—makes it possible to evaluate institutional, developmental, shared-identity, or public-sphere effects of associations. Applying the criteria to associations that do not self-consciously advance cosmopolitanism shows the potential for partial forms of cosmopolitanism. Médecins sans Frontières, the first case explored, provides emergency medical care across the globe without establishing a transnational community with those it aids. The International Olympic Committee, the second case, brings the world together around global games in which national teams compete against each other. Dissidents in the Anglican Communion, the third case, unite across borders but do so in favor of an interpretation of the Bible that excludes gay men from ordained ministry. Despite non-cosmopolitan elements, each case has lessons about how respect for transnational equality can emerge in subtle ways without self-conscious belief in cosmopolitan moral philosophy.
The Cosmopolitan Potential of Exclusive Associations: Criteria for Assessing the Advancement of Cosmopolitan Norms, by Bettina R. Scholz- Amazon Sales Rank: #5066600 in Books
- Published on: 2015-10-08
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.24" h x .91" w x 6.25" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 242 pages
Review Theorists of cosmopolitanism make austere demands: universal morality requires us to look past our own group affiliations, beyond every incarnation of exclusivity and particularism. Pluralism, on this view, is the enemy of universalism. Bettina Scholz tempers and humanizes cosmopolitanism. Using a rich array of cases – the Anglican Church, the Olympics, Doctors Without Borders -- and a sharp set of standards, she studies the effects of membership in transnational voluntary associations. Scholz’s work shows when and how these groups work – often indirectly and regardless of their formal mission-- to develop cosmopolitan dispositions and generate cosmopolitan norms. She delivers a sober but hopeful message of the terms of coexistence of pluralism and universal morality. (Nancy Rosenblum, Harvard University)In The Cosmopolitan Potential of Exclusive Associations, Bettina Scholz makes a compelling contribution to the burgeoning field of cosmopolitan theory and practice. Most impressive is her rich examination of what might be called a post-universalist approach to critical cosmopolitan theory anchored in every day political and sociological practices that really matter. The book promises to be widely read and should be very seriously considered for course adoption in classes on cosmopolitan thought and theories of justice as well as constructivist theory in comparative politics and international relations. (Joel Krieger, Wellesley College)Bettina Scholz’s innovative new book aims to press the cosmopolitan project further, by examining the conditions in the real world that motivate individuals to advance cosmopolitan goals. As Scholz observes, many individuals belong to associations that are transnational in reach; an in-depth study of voluntary, transnational organizations can provide useful tools in understanding how and why individuals take up cosmopolitan objectives. Scholz develops what she terms a ‘mid-level’ cosmopolitan theory and in so doing identifies criteria by which to evaluate the cosmopolitan potential of transnational associations. Scholz’s analysis, which combines a sophisticated understanding of political theory with three thoroughly grounded case studies, can serve as an important blueprint for those desiring to create and nurture cosmopolitan citizenship in practice. (Patti Tamara Lenard, University of Ottawa)
About the Author Bettina Scholz is assistant professor of political science at Stonehill College.
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Most helpful customer reviews
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful. Persuasive By Avid reader That we are all supposed to be living in a global village has become an overused catch phrase. We also know that this country was founded on a most elevated cosmopolitanism ("We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal " ... etc. etc.) But how can these aspirational ideals be translated into reality? Cosmopolitan universalism seems to suffer from the problem of all of our highest ideals: We find it impossible to square its demands with the particularistic political, social, and economic realities we confront. In this conundrum, Scholz's tightly argued book makes an important theoretical and practical contribution by describing and analyzing bridges between universal ideals and their partial fulfillment in the real world. Looking at transnational associations that were not specifically founded to advance universal human values (she excludes associations that were in fact founded for such purposes, e.g. Amnesty International), she studies the cosmopolitan effects (often unintended) that such associations exhibit. In a descending order of cosmopolitan rigor, she presents us--using a matrix of carefully established criteria--three case studies: Doctors without Borders (MSF), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and a conservative transnational dissent association within the Anglican Communion. I found this combination of theoretical rigor and detailed empirical analysis particularly valuable and insightful. What emerges is a hopeful--if not exuberant--picture of our world. Partial cosmopolitan effects, often unplanned, on the road towards a global community of fairness and mutual consideration might not always be great attention-getters but they do add up. Scholz's book does all of us who are interested in a global vision of our world a great service by focusing our interest on cosmopolitan forces that have been overlooked and therefore understudied. In the process, she provides a rich grid of cosmopolitan criteria and effects that will make me look at our evolving international scene with a more sophisticated eye. This is certainly not a book that lends itself to casual perusal. At the same time let me stress that I am not a political philosopher or a social theorist, yet I managed to read it without any difficulty. This book is challenging not only because it is written on a high level of seriousness but also because it corrects many of the most facile opinions about our international world. I found it persuasive on both counts.
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